Coastal Management Report: Collaroy Beach Essay

The Issue Coastal management is the dealings surrounding the management of development along the coastline with sustainability- being able to meet the needs of future generalizations while capitalizing the use of desired areas of the coasts for residential and commercial purposes. My written report on coastal management will revolve around the main issue explored in our field trip which is the gradual erosion of the foredune on Collaroy beach, and its effects on stakeholders (incl. residents, developers, specialist groups). This report will also include the decision making processes considered by the management (both local and state), as well as the descriptions of their actions/strategies, and thus the results of their policies. The LocationOur site of interest, Collaroy beach is located in the suburbs of Northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Collaroy is part of the local government area of Warringah Council and part of the Northern Beaches region. Collaroy is well known for its excellent surf beach which joins with Narrabeen Beach in the north and Long Reef and Dee Why Beach in the south. Also in close proximity is the Dee Why Lagoon as well as the Long Reef Head. Collaroy beach is the most highly capitalized shoreline in the Warringah local government area, featuring beachfront houses and apartments built on the edge of the sand including the famous Flight Deck Apartments. Geographical ProcessCoastal erosion is the loss of land along the shoreline due to the natural removal of beach and dune material in response to changing wave and water conditions. Buildings and facilities located within the ‘active’ beach system, or areas subject to coastal erosion can be undermined and may even collapse. Approximately 60 percent of the NSW open coastline is characterised by sandy beaches. These beaches are dynamic environments undergoing continual cycles  of erosion and accretion in response to the action of tides, wind and waves. In many places, existing foreshore development has been built within the ‘active’ beach system and is at risk from coastal erosion. The extent of beach erosion during a particular storm event depends upon a variety of factors that include:†¢The wave conditions and elevated water levels generated by the stormThe most prominent of these processes involves waves and the currents that they generate, along with tides Waves are generated by wind blowing over a body of water and are ultimately responsible for the construction and erosion, as well as transportation of beach sediments. Waves are classified into two groups: swell waves or sea waves. The incoming tide of a wave is called a swash while the outgoing tide is called a backwash. Swell waves are more powerful and cause erosion, whereas sea waves are less violent and encourage deposition. Large swell waves are usually accompanied by a storm, and the swell may become big enough to be classified as a ‘king tide’. A king tide’ arrives at Narrabeen-Collaroy Beach once or twice annual and has a devastating effect on the beach, eroding the beach until a near vertical erosion scarp is exposed. The sand than is deposited offshore to form a sand bar. Immediately following coastal erosion events on sand beaches, a near vertical erosion scarp of substantial height can be left. If buildings are located close to the vertical erosion scarp, they may be at-risk of structural damage. Instability of the escarpment may pose a hazard to beach users following storms with recorded instances of children and beach users buried by the collapsing sand face. †¢The presence of rip cellsA rip cell is a area with a strong surface flow of water returning seaward from near the shore). It is often called a â€Å"rip tide† However along with water returning seaward, much of the beach sediments are eroded as well helping to hasten the process of erosion. †¢The condition of the beachThe condition of the beach is also a factor in the severity of the erosion. The condition of the beach is determined by the amount of erosion that has occurred on the beach at that state of time. One indicator of condition is the identification of the beach profile. A beach which possesses a relatively large amounts of sand in the incipient dune, as well the stability of the fore dune, are in a pre-storm form. A beach that has been recently eroded by a storm has a storm profile. The features of a storm profile are the erosion of incipient dune and the exposure of the near vertical erosion scarp, near the fore dune of the beach, as well as a large offshore bar. This beach would therefore have a storm profile. A beach in which the sea waves have gradually restored the sand to the incipient dune from the sandbar, as well a stable fore-dune are the tell-tell signs of a post-stormprofile. A beach which is in better conditions is more suited to fight sand erosion, while a ‘second wind’ of a storm after the beach being in a storm profile could be devastating for the beach. †¢The condition of dune vegetation which can influence the volume of sand in the dunes which help to buffer the effects of storm erosionStable sand dunes play an important part in protecting the coastline. They act as a buffer against wave damage during storms, protecting the land behind from salt-water intrusion. This sand barrier allows the development of more complex plant communities in areas protected from salt-water inundation, sea spray and strong winds. The dunes also act as a reservoir of sand, to replenish and maintain the beach at times of erosion. When people build homes or resorts on beaches, the buildings interrupt this natural process because the sand that is usually taken by storms is removed so that humans may build. In the diagram below the red line shows the extent of the danger zone. Key Interest GroupsThe key interest groups involved with the issue of the erosion of Collaroy include groups such as Sydney Coastal Councils Groups, which have criticize the non-actions of the Warringah Council to set up a plan in the long term, instead focusing on short term relief such as sand replenishment, which SSCG deems as unsustainable in the long run. However,  SSCG may be the only interest group targeting the issue. However when it was announced that the sea wall was planned for construction two tother peer groups, Surf rider Foundation Club, as well as the local Collaroy Surf Club joined in action to stop the construction of the seawall. Decision Making ProcessTo find a solution for the erosion of Collaroy Beach was a complicated process involving decision making and assistance in many levels. The NSW and Commonwealth government provided assistance to Warringah Council by providing material to help it construct an effective Management Strategy. Material included in this state and commonwealth package Included 1990 the NSW Government released its Coastline Management Manual, a guideline to help local council’s development, Coastal management plan by them. It also provided Commonwealth inquires such as reported on’ The Injured Coastline’ and’ The Coastal Zone Inquiry’. In 1993 the Warringah Council set up the Warringah Coastal Committee which has various stakeholders as members including: a WC councillor, A NSW Govt Rep, a Surfrider Rep, a SLSC Rep, Beachfront and other Local residents. This diversity in the committee instead of just containing members of the council helped to foster unbiased views on the opinions of the stakeholders as well increase the community involvement which helps to better serve the purpose of the community, making the ideas of the community in which is ultimately the council’s purpose anyway. The Committee meets once every two months to advice Council on the next action to stop the erosion. In August 1997 the Collaroy/Narrabeen Coastal Management Plan was adopted. Throughout this process and before any major strategies are implemented the public are invited to comment and provide community feedback. However there have been criticisms of the committee as consensus-based Coastline Management Plan was pursued by Council but not achieved, with strong differences of opinion emerging within the community, and between the Warringah Coastal Management Committee and CouncilManagement Actions and Strategies (and Consequences) There have been many different  management strategies that could have been implemented to protect from or at least slow down the effects of erosion, enough to guarantee the safety of the dwelling. Preliminary studies reviled that the existing rock seawalls are not strong enough to withstand a major storm. There are two long term solutions to this issue. They are voluntary purchase of high risk dwellings, and the protection of the beach through the building of a seawall or an artificial surf reef. The community is split between those strategies for tackling the erosion problemA temporary solution involve minor to moderate sand nourishment, which are used in conjunction with either of these actions. The sand comes from the mouths of the Dee Why and Narrabeen Lagoons. The management strategy of repurchasing high risk single homes has been a popular strategy amongst those whom want to protect and enhanced the recreational amenity of the beach. This method was successful back in 1945 when the council bought back 7 houses that were damaged by the storm. However in recent years, the price of beachside property skyrocketed with high demand, and the strategy is currently not economically feasible at this point in time. With an average home in 2005 located on the fore dune of Collaroy Beach coasting a whopping 2.7 million- the plan is estimated to cost more than 100 million dollars. Even though the state government is willing to match the contributions the state government made, this strategy if implemented could take anywhere between 50 to 100 years to purchase every single home that is in the high risk zone. The alternative strategy is to develop a seawall on the beach to protect the property located on the fore dune. The sea wall would be approximately 1 km long and will be sufficient to protect the fore dune from collapsing. However the cost of the sea wall cheap in comparison to the ‘repurchase’ strategy costs approximately 11 million dollars to build. In addition, the council expects at least 40% of the 11 million to be paid by the owners of the units, making it an unattractive deal for the residents. The seawall is also not environmentally friendly either. It is known for speeding up the process of erosion, as the energy of the storm waves is not absorbed but reflected, meaning the backwash will be stronger, and eventually the shore profile will retreat, removing what’s left of the beach. However this idea  also seems to be out of reach, as after the successful â€Å"Line in the Sand† community protest in November 2002, the council voted 4 months later not to proceed with the sea wall option. So with the ‘repurchase’ strategy unlikely, and the seawall not likely to be built, how is the council going to solve the problem. Right now, the plan is to get by on minor beach nourishment from the mouth of Narrabeen and Dee Why Lagoons for now, while the council investigates new strategies, with the help of newly implemented coastal imaging cameras on top of Flight Deck. One of the new strategies being investigated includes an artificial surfing reef, which is basically a seawall underneath the water to amplify the surf. Acting like a ramp, it pushes waves upwards which increases their size and shapes them into waves you can surf. This also reduces the impact of the swell waves, reducing the rate of erosion. However, this technology is quite new and it is debateable in its affectivity, but the results are promising, and it is also drastically cheaper than the original strategies, making it a viable solution for the ongoing problem in a number of years time. (The diagram below shows an artificial surf reef) www.examplessays.com www.coastalmananagment.com www.megaessays.com

Constitution a Radical Departure from the Articles of Confederation? Essay

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NAFTA Opposing View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 14

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Ethics can add value to a business by ensuring the company does not get involved in any undesirable scandals. I believe that companies have a responsibility to comply with the demand of many stakeholders groups. Some of the key stakeholder groups that must be considered in the decision making process of the company are lenders, shareholders, governmental entities, suppliers, the community, and the environment. An example of a company that satisfies the needs of various stakeholders is Starbuck Cafà ©. Starbucks supports poor farmers by purchasing only fair trade coffee. Companies cannot focus only on the investors because many firms have other missions and goals that go beyond making money. Wal-Mart is proud to be the largest private employer in the world with 2.1 million employees (Businessinsider, 2012). I believe that proper ethical conduct is important both in the private life of a person and in the workplace. People are often faced with ethical dilemmas in their private life. Ethical decisions affect consumer buying patters. Some people prefer to purchase green products because they are environmentally friendly. In the workplace acting in an ethical manner is mandatory. Unethical behavior can lead to bad results in the workplace. It is essential for employees to follow the ethical code of conduct of an enterprise. Violations of the ethical code of conduct of a company can lead to suspensions or termination of employment. â€Å"Consequentialism says that right or wrong depend on the consequences of an act, and that the more good consequences are produced, the better the act† (Bbc, 2012). Often politicians based their decision on consequentialism ethical principles. Deontological is an ethical theory concerned with duties and right (Freedictionary, 2012). This ethical perspective is often utilized by law enforcement agents. The ethical theory is relative since different people perceive duties and rights differently. A third ethical

Accounting and society--litarature review Essay - 2

Accounting and society--litarature review - Essay Example In this case, the two environmental approaches that accounting practices can be conducted include the free market and the pro-regulatory approaches. These approaches have been interchangeably used for the interests of the society (Buckley & Weston 2006, p.16). In the recent past, the adoption of the free market was considered ideal but until the world economic crisis experienced in 2008, several issues have been aroused which necessitate the adoption of regulation approaches. However, the consideration of the ideal environmental approach necessitates the analysis of their effects in the economy. The free-market approach to accounting information entails the treatment of the information as normal goods and services, which are impacted by the forces of demand and supply. For this reason, the preparation and utilization of the accounting information would yield optimal output. For any business entity, they will offer financial information that would address the needs of the economic demand (Flegm 2004, p.56). In addition, business entities would be required to provide the expected financial information without the imposition of any regulation. For instance, when companies would be required to offer the shares in order to be listed, they would be necessitated to offer the required financial information to attract investors. On the other hand, the implementation of the pro-regulatory approach involves the incorporation of regulation that would necessitate all business entities, especially companies so as to offer their accounting information freely to the public. In this regard, the accounting information is considered to be a public need, and for that reason, companies have to set some finances for the preparation and presentation of the accounting information. After the accounting information have been produced, it is essential to realize that they become free and everyone can access them. Through this practice, there is a conception that

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk Essay

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk carneagie prize) along with Louisa m Alcott's 'Little Woman' an - Essay Example In looking at three novels from three different time periods, the examples of how children’s literature have both evolved and stayed surprisingly the same can be appreciated. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott provided a template for society during the 19th century, the efforts of the sisters in her story framed by the social construction that defined the culture of the time. In Swallows and Amazons, by Arthur Ransome, the stories are based upon the adventures of children as two groups meet and interact, one group in a dinghy named Swallow, and the other group in a dinghy named Amazon. The stories were written in the early 20th century creating a reflection of the moral discourse and the nature of perceived childhood of the time period. The last novel, The Graveyard Book, written by Neil Gaiman, was published in 2008 and reflects the darker aesthetics that have emerged in the last decade. The three novels provide rich insight into the changing nature of children’s litera ture, while also providing context for the similarities that exist within the genre that have transcended time. Childhood and Children’s Literature The history of children’s literature is long and filled with imaginative methods in which the world was interpreted for the younger mind. Through stories that granted a message of morals, ethics, politics, sexuality, gender, or social construction, children have been instructed on how to understand many of the complex issues of life. According to Lerer (2008, p. 1), â€Å"The history of children’s literature is inseparable from the history of childhood, for the child was made through texts and tales he or she studied, heard, and told back†. The nature of children’s literature is within its ability to transform thought, to define a topic that will influence the way in which that topic is experienced and framed by the child who has been exposed something specific within a story. Stories provide context fo r the many experiences that seem too large or beyond the scope of a child’s ability to comprehend. A story can break something into smaller pieces that will be more easily digested, thus creating a broader and more developed understanding. Childhood has been framed throughout history, although its modern concept is a relatively new idea. Furthering the nature of modern childhood, the child is now considered for investment, through both economic and emotional considerations that in previous societies were not nurtured. Children became important as they proved their importance. Marx Wartofsky, a twentieth century philosopher, stated that a child is â€Å" what they are taken to be by others and what they come to take themselves to be, in the course of their social communication and interaction with others† (Lerer 2008, p. 2). Therefore, the way in which the communication between literature and the child is developed is through the nature of the social connection that is made between society and childhood. As children rose in viability as a consumerist segment of society for which advertisers could focus their wares, the nature of engaging the imagination began to evolve to a higher level. Stories such as Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book, J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll are were conceived in that late 19th century time period as

Acer Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acer Group - Essay Example When Stan Shih founded the Acer group of companies in 1976 it was more than obvious that the firm was bound to take some huge strides with this celebrated founder who made news worldwide by commercialising Taiwan's initial desktop calculatorToday Acer boasts of commendable rankings in the industry by being No. 4 in the Personal Computer market, No. 3 in the market for notebooks and No. 3 as a computer manufacturer in the face of huge competitors like Sony and others. Stan is about to retire in three years and Acer has suffered a loss of $29 million in the PC industry so Stan has diverted his expertise and attention towards making the company even more competitive in order to give it a strong foundation of support after he retires. Aspire is a large brand for Acer under which they have produced a number of technological products in the world. Aspire has had problems during the development stage whereas if these problems were dealt with proficiently then this brand would have had a tru ly aspiring brand image. Acer and Stan need to focus on the leverage points namely; efficiency (economies of scale and comparative advantage globally), knowledge leverage (strategic use of human resources and ideas on a global platform) and responsiveness (to embrace local consumer demands) (Bartlett & Ghoshal; 1989).Stan must disapprove Aspire's continued development because it is important to a put a halt to further developments in order to study the current problems it's facing. The existing discrepancies must be removed in order to develop further otherwise the problems might become deep rooted and also fatal. It is important to climb the first few steps of a ladder efficiently without being in danger of falling down and getting hurt before reaching the top. Acer faced problems during the development of Aspire and these problems still exist. Acer is a large multinational operating in Asia, Europe, and America etc. Obviously, the company has regional departments in these countrie s and in order to maintain a strong brand image in the market a common goal, strategy and communication strategy are required. Acer lacks these and due this they faced problems in positioning themselves as a strong brand when it comes to Aspire. It is important for all regional offices around the world to share a similar spirit of growth, values, standards, communication strategies etc in order to take mutual decisions as a company on the whole and not just as a regional office. Aspire has a number of brand extensions and product types being sold under one brand name and the company has not been able to position each extension with a common goal or insight in mind. Aspire is known to be a very adaptable brand since it has been changed to suit the consumer demands for every different region in a different way. This has caused major brand identity problems for Acer and Aspire. The same brand under Aspire has been positioned to be a luxurious and elite brand in Singapore and the opposi te in Europe. But it also shows that Aspire is doing a good job when it comes to responsiveness in the leverage points. This has weakened the brand equity for Aspire and has resulted in brand dilution. This shows that a strong corporate culture is absent in Acer and this results in a weak brand image and positioning for any company or brand because then customers do not know how to relate with the brand. All the regional departments and offices are working on their own values and standards to fit the culture, demand or society of the region. Due to the lack of a strong organisational culture it is evident that synergism is absent and the company is leaving loopholes for failures. All these problems must be looked into and it is important for Stan and Acer to come up with a solution before approving any further developments for Aspire.

Ethics and the digital divide and what should I as a security Research Paper

Ethics and the digital divide and what should I as a security professional be concerned with - Research Paper Example 5). Due to this, information can be easily misused and important ethics breached with little restriction. Thus, there is the need for controls and ethics to reduce challenges to information security. Most businesses attain information security through the institution of controls. Corporate governance rules require that the people running organizations, viz. the board of directors and top managers, institute controls and ensure they are working (Nnolim, 2007, p. 69). Information security is one of the core controls that managers need to employ. As a requirement by law, public companies need to appoint external auditors to undertake a thorough audit of the systems, operations and financial transactions of business and pass an opinion on the truth and fairness of the accounts and systems (Millichamp, 2011, p. 2). Most private companies are required to conduct external audits by important stakeholders such as banks. Information security falls under the core areas of statutory or external audits. This is governed by the Generally Accepted Accountancy Practice (GAAP) rules of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Apparently, there is a strong connection among information security, increment in information security risks which comes with the bridging of the digital divide, corporate governance and statutory audit. This paper will examine the role of information security professionals in controlling risks in a period of fast IT growth and the role of corporate governance and statutory audit in ensuring that those systems are working. In attaining this end, the following objectives will be met: This section will define the core concepts that are being reviewed in this study. This will set the framework for further analysis of the interconnectedness of the different concepts and how they work together to support organizations to keep running. According to Nnolim (2007, p. 4), ISO defines Information

McClellands Theory of Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McClellands Theory of Needs - Essay Example Furthermore the essay also includes the way in which this theory has impacted me in the process of motivating others in the workplace. It is already mentioned earlier that according to McClelland there are three different classes of needs – need for achievement, need for power and need for affiliation. Need for achievement is referred to the internal drive to excel. Such need is responsible for creating a tendency for setting moderately difficult goals which involve moderate risks. Furthermore this need results in a preference regarding situations where personal responsibility is associated with outcomes. Need for power, on the other side, is the need of making others behave in the way in which the person wants. This type of need generates a desire of influencing others and a tendency of advocating riskier positions. The last need is the need for affiliation that is referred to the desire for close and friendly relationships with the co-workers (Robbins & Judge, 2007). Such need is mainly responsible for making people like others. McClelland and all his associates who are involved in the research behind the development of such a crucial theory mainly focused on the first type of need – need for achievement. McClelland’s ‘needs theory’ is one of the most important motivating theories because it is one of those rare theories that are properly supported by extensive research. Furthermore the theory involves three of the most important aspects that are integrally related to the motivation of an individual in a particular organization. According to Charleston C. K. Wang, â€Å"McClelland was careful to note that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between a person’s needs and behavior† (Wang, 1993). It is also found that McClelland used to believe that most of the effective managers have high need for power and low need for affiliation.

Same Sex Marriage Content Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Same Sex Marriage Content Analysis Paper Essay Homosexuality is a global topic of debate. The topic of homosexuality has been discussed constantly throughout various media outlets and is a hot topic in the republican primary. A number of debates have been argued in regard to the rights of homosexuals. One of the most hotly debated subjects is the rights of homosexual couples. This controversial topic has been widely debated for a number of years. However, the trend toward globally accepting same-sex marriage is on the rise. States such as Massachusetts have passed laws to make the union of same-sex marriages legal. Other states have taken initial steps toward accepting same-sex marriage. Whereas others are considering laws and constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage within state borders. Some opponents of same-sex marriage argue that these unions should be prohibited due to the fact spouses cannot produce children in the way God intended. Additionally, those who contest same-sex marriages believe legalization of these unions would cause irreparable harm to our society as we know it. Given the significance of the issue, the value of widespread debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same sex-marriage should be apparent. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed responsibilities. This paper intends to look into the content involved in this hot topic to see how religious views, politically focused stances, political and legal pressures, as well as our current presidents flipped flopped stance on such a controversial subject and how they appear in the media. Historically, as a nation the concept of separate but equal doesn’t work. Offering same-sex couples several of the rights married couples are afforded without allowing them to be married is unjust. If same-sex couples are to have equal rights, civil unions are not enough. Same-sex couples deserve the same right to marry that heterosexual couples currently possess. Although, same-sex couples live in relationships that are based on the same core values that heterosexual couples commit to which is a strong and loving relationship. Same-sex couples are still denied the right to go into a marriage with their partner of choice; they continue to be denied the human rights, legal and economic stability provided by the recognized institution of marriage. See more: how to write an analysis paper on an article examples Marriage is a right that currently cannot be exercised by all due to an individual’s sexual preference. Same-sex couples are repetitively discriminated based on societies resistance to amend the definition of marriage past sexual preference. Based on the material that I have covered so far I expect to find more cases where same sex marriage is still a hot topic where people will still be fighting for their rights. In the political arena, especially with the fight for republican nominee in the upcoming election, I hope to see politicians fighting for same sex marriage but I feel as if some will say its not right and bring in the hot topic of religion into the equation. Some of the media outlets that I have chosen to investigate the subject of same sex marriages come from online news sources Huffington post, CNN, and New York Times. I chose these because I felt that it would give me a wide range of viewpoints and opinions based on different reporters. Most of the articles come from February 2012 to the present. In some of the articles it occasionally referenced to previous cases all the way back to 2008 with proposition 8 in California. To help organize my research, it helped to divide the information up into a series of categories that I later broke down even further by the content and tones expressed and by paragraph. The four categories that I was able to narrow it down to were: 1. Religious views and stand points based on different religions a. Example: Catholics, Mormons, Christians 2. Politically focused standpoints / Directed towards the Republican primary b. Example: What different politicians are saying such as how Rick Santorum said â€Å"It would ‘Invalidate’ marriages† 3. Obama’s views and things he has done to defend / support his stance c. Example: Laws and proposals put into act or being worked on and previous laws like Proposal 8 in California 4. Political and legal pressures from citizens if favor of same sex marriages d. What citizens feel on the subject around the country and why some are opposing it rather than accepting the idea and the ideas that come with it The rules that I used to help choose what category the content and tones the articles I read fell under were fairly simple. Something such â€Å"Surprisingly speeches were encouraging to organizers of the movement† would be marked as something positive. A paragraph with something like â€Å"Activists were under attack in Washington† would be noted as a negative. A main goal through out this process was to make sure I remained constant. This provided for the most and accurate results throughout the content analysis process. CHART INSERT HERE The first category, Religious Views, almost everything I read was written in a neutral context by the author and took up 14.192% of the content in my categories that I was looking into. When it came down to what was being covered I found that most organizations to either be positive or very negative. The only neutral stance I found was the Mormons. Catholics and Republicans seemed to be very against the idea saying that it would infringe on people rights and is against the constitution. Almost all of that articles that I read towards faith based organizations at first preached against same sex marriage left and right with negative tones. The Catholic and some Christian religions refuse to defend the rights of those who love differently than what their beliefs suggest. In an article from the Huffington Post Greene suggests, â€Å"The need to discredit or destroy a taboo object of desire is enacted in the violent attack on gay men and women and transgender persons.† The argument against same sex marriage has just as much to do about â€Å"disgust† as it does religious affiliation. The idea that marriage is a relationship between a man and a woman is a core religious belief for a significant number of Americans and could be picked up in a suttle undertone in some of the articles. Consequently, many religious leaders argue that marriage, as a social institution must remain in the intended concept of that between a man and a woman, for the means of bearing and raising children. Sider (2010) contends, â€Å"Legalizing gay marriage would weaken the connection between marriage and procreation.† Within today’s scientific arena, Sider and other religious figures views are constantly challenged. Women no longer need a male figure in their lives in order to bear children. Conversely, homosexual couples can have children without either party having to bear them. Moreover, Sider contends that the issue of same-sex-marriage has become a legal concern for religious institutions. Citing two cases Sweden and Canada in which pastors have been charged with hate crimes; Sider (2010) anticipates legal action imminent against clergy here in the United States. Ryan (2009) argues that traditional families hardly exist today. The role of women is no longer that of a servant, but one in which has equal say or are head of household. Thus, the argument that marriage is a religious institution is a flawed concept. Mainly, due to the fact in American culture â€Å"traditional marriage’ had been based on ownership within your religion. Due to the discrepancies between the definitions of â€Å"marriage† the legal and political argument of discrimination has been proposed by same sex-couples. My second category focused in on politically focused standpoint. This category took up 26.315% of my findings but I feel as if this percentage was so high because of the Republican primaries that are currently taking place. Normally I thought that this number would be slightly lower. Oppressive and discriminatory experiences have been a part of cultural history. In order to move beyond the mere categorization of groups as independent entities, this learner believes that we must encourage other to explore similarities, differences and controversies among and between diverse populations. As counselors, we must be expected to address these issues in several contexts; personal values, professional policy and practice. Conservative faith traditions have definitely had an impact on the social institution of marriage. This learner has observed throughout this course that as a counselor one must develop multicultural competencies. The third category covered in my analysis focused in on President Obama and his stance on same sex marriages. This category took up 27.192% of the content based on the categories I was looking into. I found that Barack Obama, the President of the United States, has recently decided to no longer defend the DOMA. In The Christian Century (2011), the president is stated to have said that DOMA is â€Å"unconstitutional when applied to same-sex couples married legally under state law† in a letter to Congress. The Christian Century (2011) also states that Congress has also repealed the â€Å"military’s ban on openly gay members†, and the Supreme Court has â€Å"declared that laws criminalizing homosexual conduct are unconstitutional†. Same-sex marriages are on the way into the law. What hurt can it really do? Denying same-sex couples to marry is denying those couples religious freedom. It is stated in the First Amendment of the Constitution that a person’s religious views or lack thereof must be protected. Marriage is a religious act as well as a legal act. In the same sense that a Christian marriage, or rather an opposite-sex marriage, is respected by law after taking place in a church, a same-sex marriage should be equally accepted and respected by those same laws. Just because Christians, and other religions groups, may be against homosexuality does not mean the government needs to adopt those views as well. The final category was based on political and legal pressures that are being felt by citizens and government officials. This wasn’t surprising to me that this category took up the highest percentage at 31.518%. When couples get married they are showing society of their romantic and legal commitment to one another. Why should this right be any different for same-sex couples? Heterosexual couples often take for granted basic rights that are denied same-sex couples such as, the ability to make medical decisions for their spouse. Basic right such as that, are not afforded to same-sex couples. Hence, the legal battle to redefine marriage to include same-sex unions has continued to gain momentum. After going through all of the articles the results and breakdown of what I found were fairly accurate to what I had expected to see percentage wise. The amount of positive, neutral, and negative statements and views wasn’t. It seemed that some writers wanted to speak out negatively about the subject but for the newspapers sake wouldn’t directly say anything negative.

Teamwork And Organizational Performance Management Essay

Teamwork And Organizational Performance Management Essay This chapter contains the review of the literature the effort done by other researchers that have a significant in the development of this research. A literature review can be in form of journals, articles, bulletins or theses. This publications can be in various sources and widely available via the Internet. 2.1 Dependent Variable 2.1.1 Teamwork and Organizational Performance According to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), a team is defined as a group of two or more people who communicate and positively influence each other and harmonize their work to accomplish a meaningful shared goal or reason for the success of organization. Team helps people to corporate, enhance individual skills, give feedback and reduce conflict occurred between individuals. As a team member, they have to learn how to work with other members and understand that one is different, unique and have more knowledge and power that can be channeled in a positive way (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Teamwork is an important feature for smooth functioning of an organization. Most organizational activities become difficult due to development in technology therefore teamwork is a heart of many organizations. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) said that, when a teams work hard and reach something great, they will have a sense of pride for their team and be motivated to do it again, because they know their role will be measured important and essential by top managers as well as all employees in the organization. Furthermore, working together as a team to create specific performance objectives helps transforming teams form groups of persons into committed groups (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008). However, if teams vanish, employees will no longer have an essential and important role to play in their organization but instead work just to get a wages (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Another study mentions that team should be an element of an organization that builds upon itself. It fosters an appreciation of each individuals talents and the input they can make to their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). This statement is also agreed by Judeh (2011) where team effectiveness is important because it is apply of the most important determinants of the companies achievement. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) reported that the responsibility of the teams will play in an organization will be viewed as priceless and vital of the organizational success. When teamwork is linked to the organization, members chat about team performance in relationship to corporate priorities, and quality measures. When teamwork has developed strong relation among members, peer support manifests itself in many ways Moreover, a number of organizational benefits can result from the victorious use of sourcing teamwork, and the highest perceived benefit is the skill to bring greater knowledge and skills together at one time (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008). Organizations that mix employees to grow up within a system of teamwork, employees rapidly learn how to work with other employees in a positive way. The result is that they will soon begin to value their own potential as persons and as a member of a team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) state that the main goals of teamwork are to develop an organization whose teamwork member does not reveal commitment to team process feces significant hurdles if it attempts the broad use of cross-functional productivity and motivation. H1: Teamwork has significant positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2 Independent Variables 2.2.1 Leadership towards Organizational Performance According to Liu, Wang and Cao (2011), leadership is best characterized as a social influence process. Each team in an organization must have a mentor who is not compulsory a supervisor but someone who is expert in teamwork to guide the team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In the face of complicated and complex projects leaders, managers, and team leaders have to deal with a wide range of people, including sponsors, team members, consumers, suppliers and internal department heads, all of who, often have conflicting goals and competing priorities (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) argues that an effective supervisor must keep up a teams focus on its task while establishing positive relations with team members. Meanwhile, previous research indicates that leader behaviors main result on team performance is very weak when considering the external surroundings of the team (Liu, Wang Chao, 2011). Without a respect from team members, a leader can lose the ability to effectively lead and efficiently deal with their team. When there is respectful from leader and team members, it can make an easier for them to do what is asked and able to communicate (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Most importantly, it is the responsibility of the senior employees to teach new comers to have a clean heart for the organization succeed and become profitable. Furthermore, listening is one skill that each leader must have in order to help them in understanding that it is an active action and requires work to master (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In other site of view, the team leader is directly in charge for inspiring this commitment from team members so as to enhance the team efforts in achieving the common goals (Judeh, 2011). According to Judeh (2011), he agrees that successful leader who is able to promote care and trust value find themselves with high standards that would affect organizations competitiveness. This is important because as a team leader you are going to work with employees of all ages, races, backgrounds and education levels (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Furthermore, a team leader should guide their team members to increase their efforts and focus their commitment towards the goals of the team (Judeh, 2011). While Liu, Wang and Cao (2011) had mentioned that the leader should motivate individual team members and also lead their team effectively. H2: Leadership has significant positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2.2 Team Trust towards Organizational Performance. Another researcher had defined trust as the point to which a person has confidence of another person and is set to act based on the words, deeds and decision of other persons or and group in other view, trust in teammates is fundamentals for success (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). They found that trust in the supervisor is more closely related to work variables, while trust in top management is much more closely related to organizational variables due to the functioning versus more strategic role coaches and management play. In previous studies said that trust is the important trait to have in a team and when leader have a trust towards their team mates, the need for power becomes obsolete. According to the Mach, Dolan and Tzafrir (2010), trust is highly useful to the functioning of an organization. Organizational citizenship behavior, employee performance, open communication to the team objectives, team performance and increased coordination become a link between trust and a variety of those work behavior. Moreover, the researcher feels that trust enhances organizational relationship by increasing the capability of group members to work together. Recent study found that, groups with higher levels of trust did not necessarily perform better than groups with lower levels of trust, thus it showed that trust influenced group process and performance indirectly. Moreover, trust can be said as an integral part of teamwork and this require high level of interdependence between members and generates synergy in the form of cooperation and interaction amongst team members (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). H3: Team trust has positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2.3 Communication Styles According to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), teams are the central to the socialization of employees, particularly the new comers. Teams alter individual self-interest into an important resource that can be used to build and maintain the vibrant organization. Furthermore, in a team all employees are socialized to become hard workers in their organization. However, when the new staff is timid and not tries to socialize or communicate with their teammates or other staff, they will become socially isolated individuals and will not feel the sense of connectedness with their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Research has also reported that communication among team members, sharing of the workload, and high levels of cooperation will improve team effectiveness (Williams Castro, 2010). According to Williams and Castro (2010), communication among team member builds a positive team climate since it improves problem solving skills and interpersonal relations on the team. Ultimately, the more interdependent team members are with each other the more they should be able to realize outcomes related to teamwork as they build team efficacy (Williams Castro, 2010). Communication is also a construct that has been linked with numerous outcomes of groups and teams, such as with knowledge sharing, learning, reductions in time requirements and transaction costs and reduced redundancy (Clopton, 2011). According to Clopton (2011), communication or social capital can reduce the probability of opportunities and the cost of monitoring while encouraging supportive behavior and facilitating the development of new forms of association and innovation. In addition, social exchange relationships evolve and generate beneficial consequences when employers take care of employees. In this sense, the social exchange relationship is a mediator or intervening variable that produces effective work behavior and positive employee attitudes (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). H4: Communication style has significant positive effect on organizational performance 2.3 Conceptual Framework The theoretical or conceptual framework is the foundation of hypothetical deductive research as it is the basis of the hypotheses that you will develop. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations and literature review (Sekaran, 2010). A theoretical framework represents your belief on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are associated with each other (a theory) (Sekaran, 2010). Theoretical framework elaborates the relationship among all variables independent and dependent variables. It explains the theory underlying these relations and describes the nature and direction of the relationship. From the theoretical framework, testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not. Based on literature review the conceptual framework is as follow: (I.Vs) (D.V) Leadership (Gomez Rohrer, 2011) Organizational Performance Team Trust (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010) Communication Style (Williams Castro, 2010) Figure 2.3 Conceptual Framework 2.4 Hypothesis Hypothesis is logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationship conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study (Sekaran, 2010). A hypothesis can also be referring as the thing that the researcher educate guess to solve the research problems in the organization. The hypothesis for this study as below: H1: There is a significant relationship between teamwork and organizational performance. H2: There is significant relationship between leadership and organizational performance. H3: There is significant relationship between team trust and organizational performance. H4: There is significant relationship between communication style and organizational performance.

Unwind Essay example -- Literary Analysis

Once upon a time, I was a student ignorant of the issues plaguing our nation; issues such as abortion and a frightening scarcity of organ donors meant little to me, who was neither pregnant nor in need of replacement body parts. Today, I fortunately remain a simple witness to these scenarios rather than a participant, but I have certainly established a new perspective since reading Neal Shusterman’s Unwind several years ago. Unwind is a brilliant novel set in the near future following the United States’ second civil war, known as the Heartland War, in which the definition of human life was debated with fatal passion: when does life truly begin and when should it be legally permitted to end? Desperate for an end to the warfare, the factions united in the decision to forbid abortion prior to birth. Instead, children would be given the chance to become worthy of the lives they have been given, but between the ages of thirteen and eighteen they could be sent to â€Å"harvest camps,† where they would then be â€Å"unwound† and sold for little more than scraps to those in dire need of organ donations, a supposedly moral alternative to abortion. The tale follows three â€Å"Unwinds†Ã¢â‚¬â€Connor, Risa, and Lev—as they learn about their twisted society while attempting to escape their fates. The premise of Unwind is a thrill to any teenager who has ever either defied an authority, like Connor, or has ever felt unwanted, such as Risa. As a thirteen-year-old who had dabbled in a little of both from time to time, Unwind was a welcome glimpse into my own subconscious and a realization at how privileged my life has been. The world this novel constructs is a society quite similar to our own, yet its morals have been contaminated: certain lives are considered m... ...ricts, I can’t ignore the fact that districts such as mine, which has already lost so much of its funding, are in need of inexpensive ways to increase efficiency. Another technique implemented in Japan is the use of students as janitors: each day a group of students is assigned to clean their classroom. I believe that if the number of janitors in our schools must be reduced the students should play a part in keeping their environment tidy, be it out of goodwill or punishment. I see this as a great, economical opportunity to maintain the school’s image and promote service. The United States is a melting pot: we have built our country on the customs of many others. We cannot be afraid to revert to old tactics so long as they are successful. Other countries hold the key to success in the education system and the United States must be willing to take note.

prejudice in greek system Essay -- essays research papers

A major part of every college campus is the Greek system. Although, many times it goes unnoticed there is major segregation among the fraternities and sororities in the south. Why is such an important issue often overlooked? We need to be more aware of segregation because in many cases it causes conflict. What if an African American wanted to join a traditionally white fraternity or sorority or vise versa? The chances of him/her getting in are pretty slim. In fact, it would be most likely that they would not. The walls of race and the barriers from so-called ?traditions? in the Greek system should be broken in order to diversify the organizations and lead to the changes necessary to end segregation and discrimination for good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War was over 130 years ago, and racial issues still stand even though it has been so long. It amazes me that discrimination and racism carries on today, especially among such younger generations such as college students. One would think that the younger generations would be more aware and more understanding of racial issues. After all it is these younger generations which were raised knowing that discrimination is wrong and everyone is equal no matter what their race or sex. Everywhere in the south a distinct separation between the black and white fraternities and sororities exists. Taking a look, even within the system ?the white fraternities belong to the InterFraternity Council, the white sororities to Panhellenic and the black Greeks to the National Panhellenic Council? (McCarthy). This separation only adds to the issue of racism and discrimination that continues to this day. Many of us think that it is not our problem or choose to ignore the issue. Many think that it is just the way it is; they are right, that is the way it is, but it does not have to be segregated. By sitting back and watching, we are agreeing with segregation and saying that it is okay. Efforts to conduct more interactions within the system and among chapters should be made. A director of Greek Life, Ron Binder, pointed out that ?we wanted to be the office of Greek Life, not the white office of Greek Life? (McCarthy). The Greek system in the north proves to be different than the south. There is no such thing as a ?black? or ?white? fraternity in the north. In the north you will find many African Americans and other minor... ...old student at Georgia Tech, is a promising one. Against the odds, he has faced the segregation issue head on, and joined a traditionally white fraternity known as Pi Kappa Phi, as the only African American. Even more uplifting is the fact that he is the president of the fraternity as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe now we can see that segregation in the Greek system can be a problem. It is left not up one but to all to take a stand, step outside the boundaries, and acknowledge the fact that segregation and discrimination is wrong. There is a problem and as with all other problems it will not be solved on its own. It takes hard work and a genuine effort to make a difference. In no way is the racial separation among the fraternities and sororities helping to solve the worldwide issues of discrimination. Hopefully in the very near future we can look past the color of skin. Using something so petty as skin color to separate people is only holding us back. Those who still use skin color as a way to judge a person are living a life of ignorance. If we are unable to get past such an issue than we will never be able to grow as individuals and as a nation to our full potential.

Essay --

1. MEANING OF FINAL ACCOUNTS â€Å"Final accounts refers to the final statements of accounts prepared in order to ascertain and report the result of the financial activities of a business†[Accounting for management, N.P Srinivasan & M. Sakthivel, page no.85]. Trial balance establishes the accuracy of books of accounts. After preparing the trial balance, preparing final accounts is the next step. It includes Balance sheet, Profit and Loss account and Trading account. The Balance sheet would gives the financial position of the business, the Profit and loss account gives the net profit or loss earned and that of Trading account gives the gross profit earned or gross loss incurred. At the end of the accounting year organization prepare final accounts to find out the financial position of the organization. i.e. Profit or Loss. 2. TRADING ACCOUNT â€Å"Trading accounting is an account prepared to ascertain the trading result of a business i.e.; the gross profit earned or gross loss incurred from buying and selling of goods during a particular period. The excess of net sales [total sales less returns] over cost of goods sold is termed as gross profit. When the cost of goods sold is more than the net sales, the difference is termed as gross loss. The gross profit or loss is transferred to profit and loss account.†[Accounting for management, N.P Srinivasan & M. Sakthivel, page no.85]. Form of trading a/c:- TRADING ACCOUNT OF ____________ For the year ending†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dr. Cr. Particulars Amount(Rs.) Particulars Amount(Rs.) To Opening Stock To purchases ... ...transfer Net loss Capital a/c Dr. 4. BALANCE SHEET A balance sheet is defined as a statement drawn upon a given date, generally at the end of each accounting year, to measure the exact financial position of a business, setting for the various assets and liabilities of the concern at this date†. On the left hand side of the balance sheet, the liabilities and capital are shown. On the right hand side, all the assets are shown .Therefore, the two sides of a balance sheet must always be equal. Otherwise, there is an error somewhere in the books of accounts. A properly drawn up balance sheet gives information relating to(a)the nature and value of asset;(b)the nature and extent of liabilities;(c)whether the firm is solvent ;and(d)whether the firm is over trading in short, it explains the financial condition of the concern.

Food Production and Poverty Essay

Most people live on just a few dollars a day. Whether you live in the wealthiest nations in the world or the poorest, you will see high levels of inequality. In a world of plenty, a huge number go hungry. Hunger is more than just the result of food production and meeting demands. The causes of hunger are related to the causes of poverty. One of the major causes of hunger is poverty itself. The Food and Agriculture Organization maintains that the world’s agriculture produces enough food to provide every person with at least 2,720 kilocalories every day for the world’s population (Eitzen, Zinn, Smith, 2011 pg.68). Problems of hunger, malnutrition and disease affect the poorest in society. Even though the world’s agriculture produces plenty of food, the food production is unevenly distributed, resulting in about 1 billion being malnourished which is 1 in six people, about one in every three of the world’s inhabitants being food insecure, and around 9 million people dying of malnutrition each year (Eitzen, Zinn, Smith, 2011 pg.68). The poorest are also typically disregarded from society and have little representation or opinion in public and political debates, making it even harder to escape poverty. Food supplies are adequate, but people must have the resources to afford them. Because the poor cannot afford the available food, they go hungry. This is where the relationship between poverty and food production link together. Political and economic conditions that keep prices too high, make jobs difficult to obtain and poorly paid, and force too many people to compete for too few resources. The major problem with food shortages is not food production, although that’s exceedingly important, but the political economy of the world and of the individual nations. There are many inter-related issues causing hunger, which are related to economics and other factors that cause poverty. They include land rights and ownership, diversion of land use to non-productive use, increasing emphasis on export-oriented agriculture, inefficient agricultural practices, war, famine, drought, over-fishing, poor crop yields, etc. (Eitzen, Zinn, Smith, 2011 pg.69). An example of non-productive use in farmland is using it to pasture cattle which is a tremendously wasteful use of land, water and energy but has a high demand for wealthy countries. A high percentage of agricultural land in the world is used to grow commodities such as cotton, sisal, tea, tobacco, sugar cane, and cocoa, items which are non-food products or contain very little nutrition (Shah, 2010). Grain is also another important food product which is used wasteful. For example more than half the grain grown in the United States (requiring half the water used in the U.S.) is fed to livestock, grain that would feed far more people than would the livestock to which it is fed (Shah, 2010). Grain is also is used to biofuels rather than food production. The result in that is that the prices of grain increase, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimates that 30% of the increase in the prices of the major grains is due to biofuels (Shah, 2010). The increasing use of biofuels also plays a huge part in food production because it diverts land away from food production and is used to grow crops for fuel such as ethanol. Biofuels have forced global food prices up by 75%, far more than previously estimated according to a World Bank report (Shah, 2010). The relationship between food production and poverty are basically because people don’t have enough money to buy food and also be able to put a roof over their head. The cost of food has increased dramatically over the past years and continues to rise due but not limited to the examples stated to previously in this paper. When we think about earning a living which for most families is already below means compared to the cost of living we tend not to factor in food. More than one billion live off of less than $2.50 a day which usually needs to support your family and yourself. Food production may be threatened, but it is international trade, economic policies and the control of land that have led to enormous poverty/hunger issues therefore leading to less access and high prices for food.

ADHD: Effects and Management

The subject of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has undergone intense research in the past decade. Much of this is rooted in the fact that approximately 5% of children are affected with the disorder. Children with ADHD are identified as having increased behavioral difficulties because of excessive motor activities, poor self regulation and inattentiveness (Dulkan et al., 1997). It has been found that as many as 30% of children inflicted with ADHD have learning disabilities with academic underachievement becoming a common correlate. Since these children do not meet the expectations of society and their learning environment they are usually met with anger, punishment, and rejection. In turn these children develop a low-self esteem and low levels of motivation (Morgan, 1997). The etiology of ADHD is still a mystery to researchers. Within the field there are many correlates to biological (genetic) and social causes. The present paper seeks to explore current research through investigating the social and bio-genetic influence of ADHD on child intelligence. Testing and treatments of those with ADHD will also be discussed. In accordance with Dulcan et al. (1997) ADD, ADD-H, ADHD, although not identical, will be considered interchangeably due to similarity. Characteristics and Testing of ADHD Intelligence Even though ADHD occurs in people of every intelligence, a majority of children affected experience academic problems. These children may have specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, or may have multiple learning problems (Beiderman et al., 1993). In a study by MacLeod et al. (1996) comparing ADHD children with those unaffected, those with the disorder performed significantly worse than the others. Learning disabilities can be said to arise from attentional difficulties in the classroom setting. Many of these difficulties occur in tasks where listening and time is a factor. Reading disabilities have also been found as a result of ADHD (Millberger et al., 1991). Even though there is a higher prevalence of boys and those with low intelligence diagnosed, others with ADHD are impaired as well. Results have found that girls with this disorder face greater intellectual impairment, especially with picture vocabulary tasks, than boys or control girls (Seidman et al., 1997). There is also significant findings that the level of intelligence affects ADHD children in different ways. More specifically, those with both ADHD and normal to high intelligence are more prone to accidents, and have a smaller number of steady friends. Children who were identified with low intelligence and ADHD were found to have more behavioral and emotional problems in their adolescence. Long term studies have found that the outcome of these children was continued academic problems and school failures (Aman et al., 1996). However, there is suggestion ADHD children show greater artistic ability when writing or drawing slowly and precisely (Morgan, 1997). Testing the intelligence of ADHD involves a number of measures. Psychoeducational testing is used to assess intellectual ability and to search for learning disabilities. Tests such as the Wechler Intelligence Scale are used for intelligence testing, yet, much debate exists because of the need to change the test to meet the child's attention deficits (Braswell, 1991). A new intelligence test has been created by Naglieri (1997) called the Cognitive Assessment System to help diagnose and measure ADHD intelligence. This test is based on the premise that traditional tests don't measure processes such as planning and attention, which is essential in testing and detecting ADHD students. There is inconsistent data for the use of computerized tests of attention and vigilance for this purpose (Dulcan et al, 1997). In many cases the effects of ADHD on children†s intelligence is influenced by social factors. For instance studies show that symptoms become worse in situations which are unstructured, minimally supervised, boring, or require sustained attention or mental effort (Dulcan et al., 1997). A study by Greene et al. (1996) purports that learning disabilities are lead by difficulties in social functioning. There is an inverse deviation in IQ scores when related with increased social disability scores. The same study looked at teacher perceptions, which showed that the less likable and more aggressive the child was, the lower the performance. In researching verbal deficits in ADHD children, Faraone (1993) found many early intellectual problems linked with disruptive behavior such as hyperactivity and aggression. Data also shows that parental conflict, diminished family cohesion, and number of parents psychiatrically ill during the child's lifetime adversely affected intelligence scores (Greene et al., 1995). The researchers conclude that a significant correlation links IQ and social functioning. Another study by Biederman et al. (1995) shows similar results. Six factors were listed from the family environment which correlated with ADHD children's cognitive deficits. These include: severe marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminal record, maternal mental disorder and foster home placement. This study asserts that children with ADHD have a more â€Å"malleable† IQ and are more adversely affected. The Greene et al. (1995) study, argues that family size is of no significance. Conversely, when investigating parental style and family influence on ADHD IQ levels, Naussbaum (1990) reports that little evidence exists. Poor school achievement for ADHD children is also associated with the need for immediate reinforcement. These children have been shown to perform as well as others in situations where consistent, immediate and positive reinforcement is in place. Rule governed behavior is additionally difficult for these students. Even when they understand the rules, they do not follow through with correct behavior, therefore the right social environment is necessary. Theories of Vygotsky†s such as â€Å"self talk† and social guidance were listed as possible influences (Braswell, 1990). Studies have found that lower intelligence in ADHD children is not socially mediated, but in fact rooted in genetics and human biology. In testing the families of these children, it has been shown that siblings show increased learning disabilities and higher rates of ADHD (Faraone, 1993). Family patterns show that approximately 20 to 30 percent of children with ADHD have a parent or sibling with similar problems. There is the suggestion that these children inherit a type of nervous system which makes them prone to learning disabilities (Nussbaum, 1990). Data from family risk, adoption, and twin research are supportive of this assertion (Braswell, 1991). However, recent research has indicated that ADHD and learning disabilities are transmitted independently in families and that their occurrence is due to non-random mating (Milberger et al., 1995). In looking at probands of parents, Biederman et al. (1993) also conclude ADHD and learning disabilities are independent, and rather due to random mating, therefore not etiologically dependent. Other researchers claim the intellectual deficit lies in physiological anomalies. More specifically, imbalance in the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, dysfunction in the reticular activating system, or a lag in brain development (Nussbaum, 1990). In determining if the neurocogonitive characteristic in individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) are similar to those with ADHD, researchers have found that children with RTH have like deficient achievement levels as those with ADHD (Stein et al., 1995). There is also evidence that epinephrine (EPI) levels are lower in ADHD children. Urinary EPI levels are inversely related to fidgeting and aggression for second-grade ADHD students. During intelligence testing, results have shown that these EPI levels during a cognitive challenge is at least 40% lower than controls (Hanna et al., 1996). In a study which had subjects enhance beta activity and suppress theta in EEG activity during cognitive testing, those with ADHD improved in intelligence testing. Improvements were assumed to be a result of attention enhancement affected by EEG biofeedback (Linden et al., 1996). Improving Learning Disabilities in ADHD Children Investigating effectiveness of treatments of ADHD learning disabilities allows additional information on the social and bio-genetic causes of academic underacheivement related with this disorder. It has been stated that both instruction and contingency management is necessary to remedy academic deficits. Some techniques include; token economies, class rules, attention to positive behavior, as well as time out and response cost programs. Suggested to compliment and further increase probability of improvement is the alliance of parents, patient and school with the consideration of individual needs for the student and subsequently accommodating the environment to these needs. Scales such as the Academic Performance Rating Scale or daily report cards (due to necessity of immediate reinforcement) are useful in monitoring performance (Dulcan, 1997). Cognitive-behavioral interventions have also been shown to have a positive effect in academic achievement. Interventions such as self-instructional training, problem-solving training, attribution retraining and stress reduction procedure work as well. However well they work, these methods of interventions have not been widely implemented in treatment of ADHD children (Braswell, 1991). Many children are segregated into learning disability classes separate from other students. It is essential tutoring and resources be made for the child, however, many are able to learn at the same level with the other children. It has been found that many ADHD children are inappropriately placed in special education programs for the learning disabled. This is mainly because of social maladjustment, so extremes are not necessary. A percentage of ADHD students do exhibit normal intelligence but are socially inept. Therefore careful testing and diagnoses is imperative for the improvement of these youths. And by failing to provide interventions for their behavior problems, they may become restricted in their opportunities for academic success (Lopez et al., 1996). It is quite often found that the majority of ADHD children improve with psychopharmaceuticals, specifically stimulants such as Ritalin. Results reveal that medication related improvements include increased work output, improved accuracy and efficiency, and better learning acquisition (Dulkin et al., 1997). Learning and achievements in arithmetic, reading, and fine motor skills improve as well. There is a 70 to 90 percent response rate to stimulants (Gillberg et al., 1997). These results are quite dramatic in short term, but long term efficacy is still questioned (Braswell, 1991). There is much consensus in literature that a combination of treatment types is best to improve academic deficits. The cornerstones of treatment are support, education of parents, appropriate school placement, and psychopharmacology (Braswell et al., 1991; Dulcan et al., 1997; Gillberg et al., 1997; Nussbaum et al., 1990). In reviewing the current literature on how intelligence is affected by ADHD, it is easy to see that it is a subject yet to be firmly defined. Intelligence tests have been erroneously utilized in diagnosing and categorizing ADHD children and new tests must be developed in accordance to their disorder (Naglieri, 1997). The current increase in ADHD children seems somewhat suspicious. Is it an increase in the children, or a decrease in the deserved attention they are receiving from parents? The stimulant Ritalin is being overly diagnosed as a quick fix. There must be much more behavioral and parental/school attention intervention in order for this epidemic of hyper children to be curbed. It would be interesting to see this generation of Ritalin children grow. Intelligence and ADHD have been linked in twin and adoption studies to family, therefore these studies could still be testing quite different things. Other studies also have found links in hyperactivity and affect to genetic dispositions. In testing, it is hard to determine if it is genetic or environmental due to the fact that many with ADHD can also be without learning disorders (Beiderman et al., 1993). Therefore, if we are to label this as a disease a bio-social etiological approach is necessary in diagnosis, treatment and intelligence assessment.

Ciulla Essay

The first attempt for the new chief executive officer of Stratton Oil Company is to address some of the issues and complaints received for different difficulties with Stratton’s offshore oil drilling rigs. On his first excursion, he visited a rig off the coast of Africa, dubbed the Voyager 7, and what he discovered is the oil rig is really a small society, separate and distinct from the rest of the world. There are many facts for us to apply in this specific case, there is a very unfair treat between the two different employees in the Voyager 7, the first group are expatriates and the second group are African workers. The condition of living for both groups totally different. The expatriates are treated with many advantages in difference with the African workers. We can make different questions in this case, how an international organization is obligated to treat employees from different countries, what kind of policies are applicable to this case. I would like to say that there is nothing more important than treating everyone equally, this class of Ethical Consideration, is focus on teach us about ethic and moral principles that are applied at any place or organization. Human being is loosing the values, but we have to be ruled by the Word of God and there are principles to use to work according the mercy and love for others, Jesus called us for the sake of others, this is our first mission and I have to consider that we can work at any place in the market but I can’t forget that first I am a Christian and I have to do everything for the sake of others. This is the only way we can transform a society and transform what is around us.

Struggle for Individuality Essay

The autobiography, Black Boy, follows the life of Richard Wright and his experiences as a young African American teenager facing racism in the South. Throughout the novel, Wright focuses on the oppression society inflicts upon him. He finds difficulty in remaining employed because he does not act â€Å"black† or submissive enough. He is physically and emotionally attacked for being African American as the majority of the South contains an extremely racist culture. Wright does not even have his family to rely on for support because they criticize and beat him as well. Differences within his family along with incidences of violent attacks and disrespectful language plague Wright and try to deplete his confidence and identity. However, Wright simultaneously finds measures within these aspects to gain back his individuality and happiness. He fights back through violence to uphold his right of walking safely in Memphis; he uses all of his ability to avoid beatings from his family, and he finds joy and sense of worth when he writes stories. Ultimately, Wright struggles to keep his sense of identity in a society that degrades his persona, but manages to obtain his individuality in the end. Through violence, Wright begins to understand that society is laying out a persona for him to accept that is not initially his. In the South, he learns he must accept the role as the meek and respectful â€Å"nigger.† Wright experiences violence one day that teaches him how whites expect him to act in the South. Wright recounts, â€Å"The car stopped and the white men piled out and stood over me. ‘Nigger, ain’t you learned no better sense’n that yet?’ asked the man who hit me. ‘Ain’t you learned to say sir to a white man yet?’† (181). Wright is smashed between the eyes with a glass bottle when he does not answer a white man by â€Å"sir†. The repetition of questions from the white man illustrates the authority the white man feels over Wright. The white man questions Wright as if he is an uneducated child. His word choice of â€Å"sense† portrays that saying â€Å"sir† to a white man should be common sense. After this incident, Wright â€Å"[learns] rapidly how to watch white people, to observe their every move, every fleeting expression, how to interpret what was said and what left unsaid† (181). He treats and studies white people delicately to ensure that he does not upset the balance between the higher  citizen and lower citizen, and thus does not have to suffer their brutal consequences. As Wright learns he is unable to act naturally, society gradually shapes him into what it thinks he should be. Wright recalls, â€Å"all the violent expressions of hate and hostility that had seeped into us from our surroundings, came now to the surface to guide our actions† (83). Wright’s utilization of the â€Å"h† alliteration in â€Å"hate† and â€Å"hostility† emphasizes a heavy â€Å"h† sound to reinforce the thickness and greatness of their conflict, that their differences were not just on the surface, but blood deep. The â€Å"s† alliteration in the word, â€Å"seeped,† â€Å"surroundings,† and â€Å"surface† creates a low, rattling â€Å"s† sound to create a sense of savagery in their actions. As Wright grows, he begins to experience the segregation between white and black. He also begins to accept the role of an angry African American that society casts him to play. He learns that he must act as a quiet and obedient â€Å"nigger† as he is constantly beaten whenever he acts otherwise. Wright’s family also takes away his freedom to be himself as they consistently beat him. In one incidence, he tells of the time his Uncle Tom was infuriated with the way he speaks. His uncle says, â€Å"I never heard a sassier black imp than you in all my life† (157). Wright does not understand what he said or what he did wrong; yet his uncle is persistent in beating him, believing that Wright does not know how to live with people. Wright asks â€Å"How long was I going to be beaten for trifles and less than trifles?† (158). Wright’s questioning of time illustrates the weariness he feels toward his family. He cannot endure any more beatings over trivial matters. Because of his family members, Wright is trapped in his grandmother’s home. He is unable to speak freely as his family members find him impolite. The one place that Richard Wright should feel comfortable, if nowhere else, is his own home, but he is so alienated by his family that he cannot. Wright feels that the only way he can escape his mental imprisonment is by moving to the North, thus creating the North as a symbol of hope. Language functions as a powerful device that portrays white women attacking Wright’s individuality. When Wright searches for jobs and interacts with  white people for the first time, he experiences a double consciousness: how he views himself and how the white women view him. The language that white interviewers use is insulting and depicts how unintelligent they perceive him. After a few interviews Wright â€Å"quickly [learns] the reality- a Negro’s reality- of the white world† (148) as being thought of as dumb witted. The first woman illogically asks Wright if he steals to that white he thinks, â€Å"Only an idiot would have answered: Yes ma’am. I steal† (146). When Wright answers. â€Å"Lady, if I was a thief, I’d never tell anybody,† the lady bluntly states, â€Å"Now, look, we don’t want a sassy nigger around here† (145). The first interviewer seems to believe that black people do not have enough sense to lie abou t stealing, even when they are being interviewed for a job position. She considers a black person with common sense as a â€Å"sassy nigger.† The last interviewer finds it appalling that Wright cannot milk a cow as she mentions, â€Å"You mean to stand there, nigger, and tell me that you live in Jackson and don’t know how to milk a cow?† (149). She places Wright in the stereotype that all black boys from Jackson know how to milk a cow. The fact that she demanded an answer in surprise illustrates the disbelief she feels in finding one black person that cannot milk a cow. The white women stereotype Richard as an uneducated black boy with no level of intelligence and skill. They insult his knowledge and strip him of his individuality believing that all black boys are the same. The white women demean him causing him to leave every interview. The portrayal of the white women labeling Richard Wright as another dumb â€Å"nigger† illustrates how narrow-minded and similar they are to each other. Within Black Boy, language illustrates the racial resentment that the white women feel towards Wright for the color of his skin. Language acts as a device seizing Richard’s individuality and personal respect he obtains for himself. Although Richard Wright’s relationship with violence, family and language teach him that he was no power as an individual, Wright rebels and utilizes these same aspects in an effort to seek some sort of control. Wright’s mother is the first to offer him power through violence. Wright recalls, â€Å"I was baffled. My mother was telling me to fight, a thing that she had never  done before† (17). After Wright fights off a group of boys with a stick and delivers his mother’s groceries he says, â€Å"on my way back I kept my stick poised for instant use, but there was not a single boy in sight. That night I won the right to the streets of Memphis† (18). Although violence acts as a method to teach him of his lower social stance in society, he is able to gain personal power though this same violence. After bearing those boys, he is able to walk freely by himself in peace. In addition, Wright gains power within his family as he refuses to be whipped. After his Aunt Addie whips him in class for walnuts that another boy had left he says, â€Å"I was sure of one thing: I would not be beaten by her again† (107). Many times throughout the novel Richard’s family relatives endeavor to beat him, but he refuses and with that gains power over them and individuality because he will not let them lay a single hand upon him. Wright recalls, â€Å"Aunt Addie took her defeat hard [†¦] I was conscious that she had descended to my own emotional level in her effort to rule me, and my respect for her sank† (110). After Aunt Addie tried to beat him for a fault he did not commit and fails, he begins to feel that he is on the same level of an adult. Furthermore, Wright is able to obtain power and individuality again through language. When Richard is younger he writes a passage about an Indian girl; he says, â€Å"I had never in my life done anything like it; I had made something, no matter how bad it was; and it was mine† (120). Afterwards, Richard shows his written passage to his neighbor and â€Å"her inability to grasp what [he] had done or was trying to somehow gratified [him]† (121). Being able to write gives Richard a strong sense of individuality since it is his creation. Writing the passage also gives Wright a surge of empowerment, as his neighbor cannot fathom why or how he did it. Throughout Black Boy, Richard Wright is inhibited as a person. He is expected to act as a subservient African American. He is insulted and degraded for merely possessing a different color of skin. Wright is restrained by society and learns this oppression when he is violently beaten by white people as well as his family. Wright quickly learns how white people view him as inferior when they insult his intelligence and stereotype  him as a person that will never amount to anything. Richard Wright is constantly belittled as a person, but he uses these same aspects to gain back his power as an individual. He fights a range of people, from a gang of kids trying to take his money to his own family relatives, in order to keep his sense of power. He writes short stories that bring him happiness and confidence and respect. Black Boy offers the life story of Richard Wright’s battle against violence, family differences, and insulting language to uphold his individuality and freedom to be himself against all forces.

Legitimate Businesses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legitimate Businesses - Assignment Example These are some of the most significant reasons behind the improper role of the organized crime making its mark under the aegis of the legitimate businesses in the time and age of today3. The legitimate businesses therefore receiving a number of issues through the collective working ideologies as put forward by the organized crime philosophy4. The mafias destroy the basis of a working environment that exists in an organization and it is for this reason that the top management is most wary of its existence and propagation in the long term scheme of things. The legitimate businesses therefore enact ways and means to make sure that these problems are kept at bay and the hindrances do not appear for one reason or the other5. What is most worrisome is the fact that the mafias keep on getting increased with the passage of time and the legitimate businesses are on the receiving end most of the

Business proposal(reserch) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business proposal(reserch) - Essay Example (Abercrombie & Fitch, 2007) A&F clothing are manufactured in different countries all over the world including El Salvador, Indonesia, Peru and Thailand among others. (Pascal, n.d.) By subcontracting the production of clothing in Asia and other third world countries, the company is able to save more money at the expense of low-paid labours. The difference between the high selling price and the cost of clothing per unit makes the high profitability of the company. Considering that the brand name A&F sells on its own, the company saves a lot of money from the need to invest on expensive external advertising. A&F products are delivered straight to the consumers via branded retail stores, catalogs, and on-line networks. (Abercrombie & Fitch, 2007) As of June 2007, the company operates 355 A&F stores, 182 Abercrombie stores, 409 Hollister Co. stores, and 17 RUEHL stores selling young adult clothing all over the United States. Six of these stores are located in Canada. (PR Newswire, 2007) A&F has recently opened stores in Savile Row, London and expanded its store outlets in North America in Edmonton, Alberta, and Canada. (Earnest, 1999) For kids clothing, the company has opened a total of 175 stores to serve customers between ages seven to 14 years old. In June 2007, as part of A&F global expansion, the company announced its plan to expand its retail store throughout Europe particularly in Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Sweden. An Australian retailer Harvey Norman opens a store in Ireland. (Callanan, 2005) In line with store expansion, A&F invests on Oracle system to enhance the efficiency of its supply chain network across more than 950 stores. (Friedlos, 2007) A&F outsource the manufacturing of its products offshore by entering into a contract with MAGIC. (Sourcing at MAGIC, 2007) Through MAGIC, A&F place the order by bulk in order to maximize the

Aviation Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aviation Industry - Essay Example His efforts in transforming this air carrier gained him the recognition of having been successful in influencing the pre-deregulation airline industry. However, most people are still skeptical on his contributions claiming that his strategy becomes detrimental to Continental and brought damages in its operation. In managing the airline, Lorenzo used a highly centralized decision making approach. It should be noted that he solely the airline is solely run by Lorenzo and even though he assigns executives to oversee the different functional areas, he often bypassed them and implement his own decisions. His administration also emphasizes the goal of profitability by cutting down operational costs. This move had jeopardized employee morale and commitment leading to massive labor union strikes. Lorenzo should also be noted by introducing new practices in the pre-deregulation aviation industry. He has been apt in targeting the middle and lower social strata by revamping the typical marketing strategy. Lorenzo introduced "Peanuts Fares" which is the first CAB-approved low fare scheme, provided consumer benefits like forbidding pipe and cigarette smoking in planes, and utilized the advancement of technology through computerized airport check-in. After beingAfter being forced to leave the Continental Airways in 1990, Gordon Bethune took over. The new executive has been recognized to have brought the major turnaround in the airline. From being financially distressed, Continental Airways had become one of the most admired business organizations. In direct contrast with Lorenzo, Bethune implemented a decentralized management style which empowers employees to make significant decisions. He improved employee morale by treating them as strategic partners which are instrumental in attaining organizational goals. He also recognized employee contribution by rewarding them. His move for profitability is seen by eliminating unprofitable routes and outsourcing maintenance which helps the airline to focus on its core competence. 2. Early aviation got its start with those men in their crazy balloons. Describe in detail the beginning of balloon age, its uses, and the impact it had on aviation today. (10 points) The first successful human flight in history occurred aboard a hot air balloon it took place in France, 1783. Jean de Rozier and Francois d' Arlandes flew 5 miles in a hot air balloon which was invented by Monthgolfier brothers, they were inspired by the lifting power of hot air rising from a fireplace. The first hot air balloon was powered by a wood fire; it was not steerable; and flew wherever the wind took it. The first recorded circumnavigation of the globe in a balloon was accomplished by Betrand Piccard and Brian Jones, it took them 19 days and flew over 26,000 miles. The first successful solo-flight around the world was achieved by Steve Fossett after six attempts. Initially, hot air balloons are solely used for showmanship. The succeeding years proved that hot air balloons can be utilized for military purposes. It should be noted that hot air balloons are used during the French Revolution and American civil war. In order to maximize its uses, the military brought structural changes like

Political movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political movement - Essay Example ( Schock, 2005), has made a study of the phenomenon of non-violent resistance in authoritarian contexts by taking the political movements in six countries as comparative case studies. The countries he put under this socio-analytical scanner are South Africa, Burma, Philippines, Nepal, Thailand and China. He further makes a distinction between the movements as those won a democratic victory and those who failed under repression. South Africa, Nepal, Philippines and Thailand are the winning examples of democracy, while Burma and China still remain under the autocratic rule. The study is limited in time, its purview being a rather historically short period which extents from 1980 to 2005. In his book, Kurt Schock’s attempt is focussed on evolving a set of cause-effect equations underlying these successes and failures. The social movements of Burma and South Africa are particularly significant to our review of this work, as the former failed just after reaching the brink of success, while the latter persevered and went up to the victory post in full glory and flamboyance. In view of the great momentum that both political movements achieved in late 80s, it was only natural to expect both to be victorious. The search for a reason to why this did not happen led Schock to point out certain factors key to the success of a non-violent social movement under an authoritarian regime. Kurt Schock says that, two basic conditions must be met for a resistance movement to contribute to political transformations. First, â€Å"the challenge must be able to withstand repression, and second, the challenge must undermine state power† (2005, p.49). These are the two broad yardsticks used to analyse the social movements in Burma and South Africa. He also theorizes that social and political transformation occurs only after a sustained period of challenge in which multiple forms of